1934Ä꣬±¾½ÜÃ÷·¸ñÀ׶òÄ·µÄ²»ÐàÖø×÷¡¶Ö¤È¯·ÖÎö¡·(Securities Analysis)µÚÒ»°æÕýʽ³ö°æ£¬Ðû¸æ֤ȯÑо¿´ÓÒ»ÃŻĵ®²»¾µÄ½ºþÊÖÒÕ£¬×ª»¯³ÉÁËÒ»ÃÅÓµÓпÆѧ±ê×¼µÄÕý¹æÐÐÒµ¡£¡¶Ö¤È¯·ÖÎö¡·Ò»Êé´ËºóÐÞ¸ÄÁËËĴΣ¬µ«Ä¿Ç°×îÁ÷ÐеÄÈÔÊÇ1934ÄêµÄËùν“¾µäµÚÒ»°æ”¡£ËäÈ»Õâ±¾ÊéÖÐÉæ¼°µÄ¾ø´ó²¿·Ö¶¨¼ÛÄ£ÐͶ¼ÒѾʧЧ£¬µ«Æä¸ù±¾Á¢×ãµã±»ÍêÕûµØ¼Ì³ÐÁËÏÂÀ´£ºÖ¤È¯Ñо¿µÄÄ¿µÄÊÇͨ¹ý¶Ô²ÆÎñ±¨±íµÄÑо¿ÒÔ¼°¶ÔδÀ´¾ÓªÇé¿öµÄÔ¤²â£¬ÕÒ³ö±»Êг¡µÍ¹ÀµÄ֤ȯ£¬²¢ÍƼöͶ×ÊÕßÂòÈëºÍ³ÖÓУ»Óë´ËÏà·´£¬ÄÇЩ±»Êг¡¸ß¹ÀµÄ֤ȯÔòÓ¦¸Ã±»ÌÞ³ýÔÚͶ×Ê×éºÏÖ®Í⣬ÉõÖÁÊDZ»Âô¿Õ¡£
Óë´ó¶àÊýÖЇøͶ×ÊÕßÏëÏóµÄ²»Í¬£¬»ª¶û½ÖµÄ֤ȯÑо¿´ÓÒ»¿ªÊ¼¾Í²»°üÀ¨¼¼Êõ·ÖÎö(Technical Analysis)¡£¼¼Êõ·ÖÎöÖ»ÔÚ19ÊÀ¼ÍÄ©µ½20ÊÀ¼Í³õµÄÒ»¶ÎºÜ¶ÌµÄʱ¼äÄÚÁ÷Ðйý£¬²¢ÇÒÔÚ¡¶Ö¤È¯·ÖÎö¡·µÚÒ»°æµÄÐòÑÔÀï¾ÍÔâµ½Á˸ñÀ׶òÄ·µÄÎÞÇéÅúÅС£¸ñÀ׶òÄ·µÄÖø×÷´Ó¸ù±¾ÉÏÍß½âÁ˼¼Êõ·ÖÎö£¬Ö±½Óµ¼ÖÂËü±»ÌÔ̳öÁËÀúÊ·Îę̀¡£½ñÌ죬ÔÚ»ª¶û½ÖµÄÈ·ÈÔÈ»ÓÐÈË»¼¼Êõͼ±í£¬µ«ËûÃǵÄÈËÊýÖ»ÊÇ»ù±¾Ãæ·ÖÎöʦµÄ°Ù··N®Ò»×óÓÒ£¬¶øÇÒÔÚ½¶÷ÊÅÊÀÖ®ºó£¬´ÓÀ´Ã»ÓÐÒ»¸ö·ÖÎöʦÊÇÒòΪ·ÖÎö¼¼Êõͼ±í¶ø³ÉÃûµÄ¡£»ª¶û½Öµ±È»Ò²ÖØÊÓËùνµÄ“¼¼ÊõÐÅÏ¢”(Technical Information)£¬µ«ÄÇÊÇÖ¸¶ÌÆÚÄڵĹ©¸øÐèÇ󡢳ɽ»Á¿µÈÊг¡ÒòËØ£¬¶ÔÕâЩÒòËصķÖÎö¸ù±¾²»ÊôÓÚÑо¿²¿ÃÅ£¬¶øÊôÓÚ½»Òײ¿ÃÅ¡£
´ËºóµÄ¶þÊ®¶àÄêÊÇ·¦Éƿɳµģ¬ÒòΪÃÀ‡ø´ó¹ÉÔÖ½áÊøÖ®ºóÓÃÁ˶þÊ®ÎåÄê²Å»Ö¸´ÔÏȵĸߵ㡣ÔÚ1950-1960Äê´úµÄ´óÅ£ÊÐÐÐÇéÖУ¬ÖÐСͶ×ÊÕß½øÈëÁËÊг¡£¨¶à°ëÊÇͨ¹ýMerrill Lynch»òÀàËƵÄÁãÊÛ¾¼Í»ú¹¹£©£¬¹ÉƱºÍծȯµÄͶ×ÊÕß»ù´¡±»ÖèÈ»·Å´óÁË£¬ËùÓеÄͶ×ÊÕ߶¼ÐèÒªÐÅÏ¢¡£ÓÚÊÇ£¬Ðí¶àµÚÈý·½Ñо¿»ú¹¹µ®ÉúÁË£¬ËûÃÇÈçͬ½ñÌìÖЇøµÄ¹ÉÆÀ¼Ò»ò֤ȯ·ÖÎöÍøÂçÒ»Ñù£¬Ìṩ×Å´óÁ¿Ç§Ææ°Ù¹Ö¡¢¾²»ÆðÍÆÇõÄÑо¿±¨¸æ£¬ÓеÄÊǸù¾ÝÔúʵµÄ»ù±¾ÃæÑо¿£¬ÓеÄÔòÊǶÔδÀ´ÐÅÏ¢µÄ²¶·ç×½Ó°¡£´óÐ͵ÄͶ×ÊÒøÐкͻù½ð¶¼ÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÑо¿²¿ÃÅ£¬µ«ËûÃÇÀëÊг¡µÄÖÐÐĺÜÔ¶——¸½´ø˵һ¾ä£¬Õâ·NÇé¿öÊÇÕý³£µÄ¡£µ±Ò»¸ö·ÖÎöʦÀëÊг¡Ì«½üµÄʱºò£¬Ëû¾ÍÎÞ·¨×ö³öÀä¾²¶ÀÁ¢µÄÅжÏÁË¡£¡¾½»Ò×֪ʶwww.irich.com.cn § macd.org.cn ÊÕ¼¯ÕûÀí¡¿
1970Äê´ú֮ǰ£¬Ö¤È¯·ÖÎöÈÔÈ»ÊÇÒ»¸öÂÒÔãÔãµÄÐÐÒµ£¬ËäÈ»ÒѾÓÐÁËÇÐʵ¿É¿¿µÄ¶¨¼ÛÄ£Ðͺ͸ßËØÖʵĴÓÒµÈËÔ±£¬µ«Õâ¸öÐÐҵ̫ÁãËéÁË£¬È±·¦´ó»ú¹¹µÄÁ¦Á¿¡£µ«ÊÇÔÚÖøÃûµÄ“ÎåÔÂÈÕ”(May Day)Ö®ºó£¬¼à¹Ü²¿ÃÅÔÊÐíͶ×ÊÒøÐк;¼Í¹«Ë¾ÔÚ½»Ò×ÒµÎñÉÏÕ¹¿ª¼¤Áҵļ۸ñÕ½£¬½»Ò×Ó뾼ͷÑÓÃÒ»½µÔÙ½µ£¬»ú¹¹Í¶×ÊÕßÔÚÑ¡Ôñ½»Ò×É̵Ć–î}ÉÏÒ²Ô½À´Ô½ÌôÌÞÁË¡£ÕâÑùÒ»¸ö°lÉúÔÚ½»Ò×ÒµÎñÉϵÄÖØ´ó±ä¸ï£¬¾¹È»Ö±½Ó´Ù½øÁËÑо¿ÒµÎñµÄ·¢Õ¹×³´ó£¬¿ÖÅÂÊÇÈκÎÈ˶¼Ã»ÓÐÔ¤²âµ½µÄ¡£ÀíÓɺܼòµ¥£º¼ÈÈ»´óÐÍͶ×ÊÒøÐбØÐëÓëÖÐС¾¼Í¹«Ë¾Õù¶áÓÐÏ޵Ľ»Ò×ÒµÎñ£¬ÄÇôÔõÑù²ÅÄÜÌåÏÖ´óÐÍÒøÐеÄÓÅÊÆÄØ£¿³ýÁËΪͶ×ÊÕßÌṩ¸üСµÄ¼Û²î(Bid-Ask Spread, or Bid-Offer Spread)Ö®Í⣬¿ÖÅÂÖ»ÓÐÑо¿±¨¸æ×îÄÜÌåÏÖÒ»¼Ò¹«Ë¾µÄ¸öÐÔÁË¡£
ÓÚÊÇ£¬Ñо¿²¿ÃžÓÈ»³ÉΪÁËͶ×ÊÒøÐÐÏúÊÛÓë½»Ò×(Sales and Trading)²¿ÃÅ×îÓÐÁ¦µÄÖ§³ÖÕߣ¬Èç¹ûûÓÐÕâ¸ö²¿ÃÅ£¬Ðí¶à½»Ò×Ô±ºÍÏúÊÛÈËÔ±¿ÖŸù±¾À²»µ½ÈκÎÒµÎñ¡£¹²Í¬»ù½ð¡¢¶Ô³å»ù½ðºÍÑøÀÏ»ù½ð×Ô¼ºµÄÑо¿ÈËÔ±ÊÇÓÐÏ޵ģ¬ËüÃÇÔںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÒÀÀµÂô·½Ñо¿ÈËÔ±Ìṩ×îÐÂÏûÏ¢¡¢¶ÔÀûÈóµÄÔ¤²âÒÔ¼°ÓëÉÏÊй«Ë¾Áìµ¼²ã½Ó´¥µÄ»ú»á¡£¾Ã¶ø¾ÃÖ®£¬Âò·½ºÍÂô·½µÄÑо¿²¿ÃŶ¼°lÉúÁËÏÔÖøµÄÖʱ䣬һ¸öÔ½À´Ô½ÇãÏòÓÚ¾ö²ß——Ò²¾ÍÊÇ×îÖÕ×ö³öÂò½ø»òÂô³öµÄ¾ö¶¨£¬ÁíÒ»¸öÔòÔ½À´Ô½ÇãÏòÓÚÖ§³Ö——Ò²¾ÍÊÇΪ¾ö²ßÌṩһÇÐ×¼±¸¹¤×÷¡£ÏÖ´ú֤ȯ·ÖÎöÐÐÒµµÄ¸ñ¾Ö¾ÍÕâÑùÐγÉÁË£¬´ËºóËäÈ»ÓÐһϵÁе÷Õû£¬È´²¢Î´É˽¹Ç¡£
³ýÁËÎÕÓÐ×ʽðµÄÂò·½·ÖÎöʦºÍÎÕÓйØϵµÄÂô·½·ÖÎöʦ֮Í⣬»¹´æÔÚ×ÅÒ»·N¾³£±»ºöÊӵķÖÎöʦ£¬¼´Ëùν“µÚÈý·½Ñо¿»ú¹¹”µÄ·ÖÎöʦ¡£ÔÚ2000Äê֮ǰ£¬ÕâÀà»ú¹¹ÖÐ×îÖøÃûµÄÓбê×¼ÆÕ¶û(Standard & Poor's)£¬ÄµÏ(Moody's)ºÍ·ÑÆæ(Fitch)£¬¼´Ëùν“Èý´óÆÀ¼¶»ú¹¹”£»´ËÍ⣬³¿ÐÇ(Morningstar)ºÍLipperÒ²ÊDz»¿ÉСÊÓµÄÁ¦Á¿£¬ËüÃǵÄÖ÷ÒªÈÎÎñÊǶԹ²Í¬»ù½ð½øÐÐÆÀ¼¶¡£Ö¤È¯ÆÀ¼¶ÌýÆðÀ´ÊÇÒ»Ïî·Ç³£ÉñÊ¥µÄ¹¤×÷£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏÈ´±»Ò»ÏµÁÐËÀ°åµÄÄ£ÐÍ¿ØÖÆ×Å£¬ÆÀ¼¶·ÖÎöʦ¸ù±¾²»ÏñÂò·½»òÂô·½Ò»Ñù¾ßÓÐÔ¤²âºÍ´´ÔìµÄ¼¤Ç飬ËûÃǵÄÈÎÎñÖ»ÊDZ£Ö¤ÊÂÇé²»Òª±äµÄ¸üÔã¸â¶øÒÑ¡£ÖÁÓÚ»ù½ðÆÀ¼¶£¬¶ÔÓÚºýŪÖÐСͶ×ÊÕßÀ´ËµÒѾ¹»ÓÃÁË£¬µ«¶ÔÕæÕýµÄ´óͶ×ÊÕßÀ´Ëµ£¬¸ù±¾ÎÞÐëÏàÐÅ£¬Ò²²»¿ÉÄÜÏàÐÅ¡£½á¹û£¬ËùÓÐÆÀ¼¶»ú¹¹µÄ´ýÓö¶¼±È½ÏµÍ£¬ÎÞ·¨ÕÐļµ½ÕæÕý³öÉ«µÄÈ˲ţ¬¶øÇÒ±»ÊÓΪһ¸öËÀÆø³Á³ÁµÄÐÐÒµ¡£
µ«ÊÇ£¬×Ô´Ó2000ÄêÍøÂç¹ÉÅÝÄÆÆÃð¡¢2001Ä갲ȻÆƲúºÍ2002ÄêÊÀ½çͨÐÅÆƲúÖ®ºó£¬Âô·½·ÖÎöʦÒѾ±äµÄÉùÃûÀǽ塣Æäʵÿ¸ö»ú¹¹Í¶×ÊÕ߶¼ÖªµÀ£¬Í¶×ÊÒøÐзÖÎöʦÓëÒøÐмÒÀDZ·Îª¼é¡¢»¥Ïà´µÅõÒѾ²»ÊÇÒ»ÌìÁ½ÌìÁË£¬Ö»ÊÇûÓÐÔ¤Áϵ½ÊÂÇé»á±äµÄÈç´ËÔã¸â¡£´ËºóÖ±µ½2006Ä꣬Âô·½Ñо¿²¿ÃÅÒ»Ö±ÁýÕÖÔÚ˾·¨µ÷²éºÍÐÐÒµ×ÔÂɵÄÖØÈ´ò»÷֮ϣ¬Ö»Òª´ÖÂԵؿ´Ò»¿´SECµÄ´¦·£¼ò±¨¾ÍÖªµÀ£¬Ðí¶àÆóͼ²Ù×Ý·ÖÎöʦµÄÒøÐмһòÕßÆóͼ´ÓÒøÐмҿڴüÀïÄÃÇ®µÄ·ÖÎöʦ¶¼µÃµ½ÁËÓ¦Óеijͷ£¡£ÔÚ³óÎÅÆعâÖ®ºó£¬Âò·½Í»È»¿Ö¾åµØ·¢ÏÖ£¬ËûÃÇÒѾÕÒ²»µ½ÖµµÃÐÅÀµµÄÈËÁË¡£¼´Ê¹Âô·½Ñо¿²¿ÃÅ»¹Äָܻ´ÔªÆø£¬ËÄܱ£Ö¤ËûÃDz»ÔÙÆÈËÄØ£¿ÁíÍâÒ»¸ö²»ÈÝÕùÒéµÄÊÂʵÊÇ£¬½ñÌìµÄÂô·½·ÖÎöʦµÄˮƽ±ÈÊ®ÄêÇ°´óÓÐϽµ£¬ÔÒòºÜ¼òµ¥£ºÈç¹ûÒ»¸ö¸Õ¸Õ´ÓÉÌѧԺ±ÏÒµµÄÄêÇáÈËÔÚÁ½ÈýÄêÄÚ³ÉΪλ¸ßȨÖصķÖÎöʦ£¬ÕûÌì±»ÉÏÊй«Ë¾ÀÏ°åÃǹà×ÅÃ×ÌÀ£¬²¢½ÓÊÜלΪÁ˴ﵽĿµÄ¿ÉÒÔ²»ÔñÊֶΔµÄ½ÌÓý£¬ÄãÄܹ»ÏàÐÅËû˵µÄÈκÎÒ»¾ä»°Âð£¿
һЩÕæÕýÓÅÐãµÄ·ÖÎöʦÀ뿪ÁËÂô·½£¬³ÉÁ¢ÁËеĵÚÈý·½Ñо¿»ú¹¹¡£ÕâЩ»ú¹¹²»ÒÔÆÀ¼¶ÎªÄ¿µÄ£¬ËûÃÇÖ»ÊÇÊܹÍÓÚ¿Í»§£¬¶ÀÁ¢¿Í¹ÛµØ׫дÑо¿±¨¸æ£¬È»ºó½¨Òé¿Í»§“Âò½ø”“³ÖÓД»ò“Âô³ö”¡£ËûÃǵÄн³ê²»ÒÀÀµÓÚÒøÐмҵijÐÏúÊÕÈë»ò½»Ò×Ô±µÄ½»Ò×Ó¶½ð£¬½ö½öÒÀÀµÓÚ×Ô¼ºÅжϵÄÕýÈ·ÐÔ¡£Ä³Ð©¹æÄ£½ÏСµÄÂò·½»òÂô·½Ò²³ÉÁ¢ÁËÀàËƵÄÑо¿²¿ÃÅ£¬ËüÃǵÄÊÕÖ§ÍêÈ«¶ÀÁ¢£¬ÀýÈçStanford C.BernstainºÍPrudential Equity Research¾ÍÊÇÆäÖеÄÇ̳þ¡£×÷Ϊһ¼Ò×ʲú¹ÜÀí¹«Ë¾£¬Bernstain´ÓµÚÈý·½Ñо¿ÖÐ׬ȡµÄÊý×ÖÏ൱¾ªÈË£¬ÔÚ²»¾ÃµÄ½«À´£¬»òÐíËüÕæµÄ½«×ªÐгÉΪһ¼Ò¶ÀÁ¢Ñо¿»ú¹¹¡£
¾¡¹ÜÈç´Ë£¬³ÏʵµÄµÚÈý·½Ñо¿ÈÔÈ»ÊÇÆ«Éٵģ¬ËùÒÔÂò·½ÄÚ²¿¹²ÏíÑо¿³É¹ûµÄÊÂÀýÔ½À´Ô½¶à¡£Âò·½·ÖÎöʦ·¢ÏÖ£¬ËûÃÇ×Ô¼ºÕÙ¿ª¾Û»á»ñµÃµÄÐÂÐÅÏ¢£¬ÉõÖÁ¿ÉÒÔ³¬¹ýÓëÂô·½¿ª»á»ñµÃµÄÐÅÏ¢£»Ò»Ð©Ñо¿ÄÜÁ¦¼«Ç¿µÄ»ù½ð¿ÉÒÔÓÃÑо¿±¨¸æ»»È¡±ðµÄ»ù½ðÔÚijЩҵÎñÉϵÄÖҳϺÏ×÷£¬»òÕ߸ɴàÖ±½ÓÊÕÇ®¡£²»¹ý£¬Âò·½Ö®¼äµÄºÏ×÷ÓÐÒ»¸öÄÑÒÔÓâÔ½µÄÆ¿¾±£¬ÄǾÍÊÇËûÃǵÄÈËÊýʵÔÚÌ«ÉÙÁË¡£Ò»¸ö¹ÜÀí100ÒÚÃÀÔª¹ÉƱ¡¢Õ®È¯ºÍ»õ±ÒÊг¡¹¤¾ßµÄ×ʲúÅäÖûù½ð£¬¿ÉÄÜ×ܹ²Ö»ÓµÓÐÎ嵽ʮÃûÈ«Ö°·ÖÎöʦ£¨»ù½ð¾Àí³ýÍ⣩£¬»¹±È²»ÉÏÈκÎÒ»¼ÒÖÐÐÍͶ×ÊÒøÐÐÒ»¸öÐÐҵС×éµÄÈËÊý¡£¼´Ê¹Âò·½ÓÐ×ã¹»µÄÈËÊÖ£¬ÓëÉÏÊй«Ë¾Ö±½Ó½¨Á¢ÁªÏµÒ²²»ÊÇÒ»¼þÈÝÒ×µÄÊÂÇ飨¶øÇÒÕâ¼þÊÂÇéºÜ·³ÈË£©¡£¡¾½»Ò×֪ʶwww.irich.com.cn § macd.org.cn ÊÕ¼¯ÕûÀí¡¿
ÏÖÔÚÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ¿´µÄ±È½ÏÇå³þÁË£ºÂò·½¡¢Âô·½ºÍµÚÈý·½µÄÑо¿²¿ÃŸ÷Óи÷µÄÓŵãºÍÈõµã¡£Âò·½µÄÓŵãÊÇËûÃÇÕÆÎÕמø´ó²¿·ÖµÄ×ʽðºÍ×îÖÕ¿Í»§£¬¶øÇÒËûÃǵÄÀûÈ󼸺õÍêÈ«ÒÀÀµÓÚͶ×ʾö²ßµÄºÃ»µ£¬ËùÒÔËûÃǵķÖÎöʦÒì³£½÷É÷£¬Ë®Æ½ÍùÍù¸ßÓÚÂô·½£»µ«ÊÇ£¬Âò·½µÄÈËÊýÖ®ÉÙʹËûÃDz»¿ÉÄܶÀÁ¢Íê³ÉÈÎÎñ£¬Èç¹ûËûÃÇÕæµÄ¶ÀÁ¢Íê³ÉÁËÈÎÎñ£¬³É±¾Ò²ÊǾªÈ˵ġ£Âô·½µÄÓŵãÔÚÓÚËûÃÇÓëÉÏÊй«Ë¾³¤ÆÚ½¨Á¢ÆðÀ´µÄÉîºñÁªÏµ£¬¶øÇÒËûÃÇÓµÓгä×ãµÄÈËÊÖ£¬ÆäÑо¿²¿Ãźͽ»Òײ¿ÃÅÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏ¿ÉÒÔ»¥ÏàÔö¼Ó¼ÛÖµ£¨ÓëͶ×ÊÒøÐв¿µÄ»¥¶¯ÒѾ±»·¨ÂɽûÖ¹ÁË£©£»µ«ÊÇ£¬Âô·½Ñо¿²¿ÃÅûÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÊÕÈëÀ´Ô´£¬¼ÈÈ»ËûÃÇÒªÒÀ¿¿½»Òײ¿ÃÅÖ§¸¶¹¤×Ê£¬ÄǾͲ»¿ÉÄܱ£Ö¤¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ¡£µÚÈý·½¿´Ëƾ߱¸ÁËÍêÈ«µÄ¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ£¬µ«ÊÇÆäÈËÔ±ËØÖÊÁ¼Ý¬²»Æ룬¶øÇÒ²»¿É·ñÈϵÄÊÇËûÃǵÄ×ÜÈËÊýÏ൱ÉÙ£¬ÖÁ½ñÈÔ²»ÊÇÒ»Ö§ÕæÕý¿ÉÒÔÒÀÀµµÄÁ¦Á¿¡£
Ê®Äê»ò¶þÊ®ÄêÖ®ºóµÄ֤ȯÑо¿ÐÐÒµ½«ÊÇʲôÑù×ӵģ¿ÎÒÏ룬Ψһ¿ÉÒԿ϶¨µÄ½áÂÛÊÇ£ºÏÖ´æÖÈÐò²»¿ÉÄܼÌÐøά³ÖÏÂÈ¥¡£ÒÔÂô·½·ÖÎöʦΪ¹Ç¼ÜµÄ֤ȯÑо¿ÖÈÐò½ö½öÊÇ1970Äê´úÒԺ󻪶û½Ö±ä¸ïµÄ½á¹û£¬¶øÁíÒ»´Î±ä¸ïÔçÒÑÓÚ2002Ä꿪ʼ¡£ÖÁÓÚ½ñºóµÚÈý·½»ú¹¹¾¿¾¹ÄÜ·ñ³ÉΪÖ÷Á÷£¬Âò·½·ÖÎöʦÄÜ·ñ±äµÄ¸ü¼Ó»îÔ¾£¬»òÕß˵Âô·½·ÖÎöʦ×÷Ϊһ¸öÕûÌ廹ÄÜ·ñ¼ÌÐø´æÔÚÏÂÈ¥——ÎÒÖ»ÄÜ˵£¬¶¼ÊÇһЩÄѽâµÄÃÕÌâ¡£Èç¹ûËÕæÄÜÔ¤²âµ½È·¶¨µÄδÀ´£¬ÄÇôËûÒ»¶¨½«³ÉΪ´«ÆæÈËÎïÁË¡£